Author: David E Kim This document was last updated on October, 2014 by Jared Adolf-Bryfogle. The PI is David Baker (dabaker@uw.edu) . The AbinitioRelax application was developed by numerous Rosetta Commons members, primarily:
An introductory tutorial ab initio tutorial can be found here.
The ab initio executable is in main/source/src/apps/public/AbinitioRelax.cc . The source code for the ab initio protocol is in main/source/src/protocols/abinitio/AbrelaxApplication.cc . See the demos/abinitio directory for an example ab initio run which includes input files, expected output files, and an example run log. The example command exists in demos/abinitio/readme.txt . Input files exist in demos/abinitio/input_files . Expected output files exist in demos/abinitio/output_files . An example run log exist in demos/abinitio/log .
This application was developed to predict the 3-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence.
The AbinitioRelax application consists of two main steps. The first step is a coarse-grained fragment-based search through conformational space using a knowledge-based "centroid" score function that favors protein-like features (Abinitio). The second optional step is all-atom refinement using the Rosetta full-atom forcefield (Relax). The "Relax" step is considerably more compute-intensive and time-consuming than the first step. The example run described above in the Code and Demo section takes around 8 minutes to generate one model of a 117 residue protein on a modern computer. A single AbinitioRelax run can generate a user defined number of models via a command line option (see Options section below). For increased conformational sampling, this application is easily parallelized by executing numerous jobs each using a unique random number seed (see Options section below). This is typically done by submitting multiple jobs to a computer cluster or distributed grid. Since the full-atom energy function is very sensitive to imperfect atomic interactions and more noise will exist with insufficient sampling, convergence towards the native structure may require a significant amount of sampling. Additionally, to increase your chance of sampling the correct topology, a diverse set of homologous sequences, preferably with sequence changes that may have a greater impact on sampling like deletions and differences in conserved positions, may also be run since a homologue may converge towards the native structure with significantly less sampling (see Bradley et al reference).
Fasta file. Contains the amino acid protein sequence in fasta format. Example: rosetta_demos/abinitio/input_files/1elwA.fasta .
Fragments files. Generate structural fragment libraries using either the publicly available webserver ( http://robetta.bakerlab.org/fragmentsubmit.jsp ) or a local installation of the rosetta_fragments package. Example: rosetta_demos/abinitio/input_files/aa1elwA03_05.200_v1_3 and rosetta_demos/abinitio/input_files/aa1elwA09_05.200_v1_3 .
Native structure (optional). The native PDB structure may be used for benchmarking. When used, the RMSD to native is calculated for each model and provided as an extra column in the score line. Example: rosetta_demos/abinitio/input_files/1elw.pdb
Psipred secondary structure prediction psipred_ss2 file (optional). The Psipred secondary structure prediction file is necessary when the -use_filters and -kill_hairpins options are used (see below). Note: the fragment webserver runs Psipred and provides the psipred_ss2 output file. Example: rosetta_demos/abinitio/input_files/1elwA.psipred_ss2.
Please note that the file format for these options has changed between Rosetta3.4 and 3.5 (the demo is also out of date). Please see this post for more information.
You can run the AbinitioRelax application with the following flags (to list all relevant commands, run with -help option):
../../bin/AbinitioRelax.linuxgccrelease
-in:file:native ./input_files/1elw.pdb Native structure (optional)
(or -in:file:fasta ./input_files/1elwA.fasta) Protein sequence in fasta format (required if native structure is not provided)
-in:file:frag3 ./input_files/aa1elwA03_05.200_v1_3 3-residue fragments (fragments file)
-in:file:frag9 ./input_files/aa1elwA09_05.200_v1_3 9-residue fragments (fragments file)
-database path/to/rosetta/main/database Path to rosetta database
-abinitio:relax Do a relax after abinitio ("abrelax" protocol), default=false.
-nstruct 1 Number of output structures
-out:file:silent 1elwA_silent.out Use silent file output, use filename after this flag, default=default.out
(or -out:pdb) Use PDB file output, default=false
-out:path /my/path Path where PDB output files will be written to, default '.'There are several optional settings which have been benchmarked and tested thoroughly for optimal performance (we recommend using these options):
-use_filters true Use radius of gyration (RG), contact-order, and sheet filters. This option conserves computing
by not continuing with refinement if a filter fails. A caveat is that for some sequences, a large
percentage of models may fail a filter. The filters are meant to identify models with non-protein
like features. The names of models that fail filters start with F_.
-psipred_ss2 ./input_files/1elwA.psipred_ss2 psipred_ss2 secondary structure definition file (required for -use_filters)
-abinitio::increase_cycles 10 Increase the number of cycles at each stage in ab initio by this factor.
-abinitio::rg_reweight 0.5 Reweight contribution of radius of gyration to total score by this scale factor.
-abinitio::rsd_wt_helix 0.5 Reweight env,pair,cb for helix residues by this factor.
-abinitio::rsd_wt_loop 0.5 Reweight env,pair,cb for loop residues by this factor.
-relax::fast Do a fastrelax which is significantly faster than the traditional relax protocol without a significant
performance hit.
-kill_hairpins ./input_files/1elwA.psipred_ss2 Setup hairpin killing in score (kill hairpin file or psipred file). This option is useful for all-beta
or alpha-beta proteins with predicted strands adjacent in sequence since hairpins are often sampled too
frequently. Note that the file format has changed from 3.4 to 3.5. See Input Files section.For running multiple jobs on a cluster the following options are useful:
-constant_seed Use a constant seed (1111111 unless specified with -jran)
-jran 1234567 Specify seed. Should be unique among jobs (requires -constant_seed)
-seed_offset 10 This value will be added to the random number seed. Useful when using time as seed and submitting many
jobs to a cluster. If jobs are started in the same second they will still have different initial seeds
when using a unique offset. If using Condor (http://www.cs.wisc.edu/condor), the Condor process id,
$(Process), can be used for this. For example "-seed_offset $(Process)" can be used in the condor submit file.The standard command line for optimal performance is shown below (nstruct should be set depending on how many models you want to generate):
../../bin/AbinitioRelax.linuxgccrelease \
-database /path/to/rosetta/main/database \
-in:file:fasta ./input_files/1elwA.fasta \
-in:file:native ./input_files/1elw.pdb \
-in:file:frag3 ./input_files/aa1elwA03_05.200_v1_3 \
-in:file:frag9 ./input_files/aa1elwA09_05.200_v1_3 \
-abinitio:relax \
-relax:fast \
-abinitio::increase_cycles 10 \
-abinitio::rg_reweight 0.5 \
-abinitio::rsd_wt_helix 0.5 \
-abinitio::rsd_wt_loop 0.5 \
-use_filters true \
-psipred_ss2 ./input_files/1elwA.psipred_ss2 \
-kill_hairpins ./input_files/1elwA.psipred_ss2 \
-out:file:silent 1elwA_silent.out \
-nstruct 10The trRosetta neural network (Yang et al. (2020) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117(3):1496-1503 (doi 10.1073/pnas.1914677117)) predicts inter-residue distances and orientations given an input multiple sequence alignment. This is useful for guiding structure prediction. The AbinitioRelax application can add trRosetta-generated constraints automatically. To enable this, add the flags:
-use_trRosetta_constraints
-trRosetta:msa_file <filename>The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) file provided with the -trRosetta:msa_file option should be provided in .a3m format, and can be generated with HHBlits or another program; see the trRosettaProtocol mover for an example.
This feature requires that Rosetta be compiled with the extras=tensorflow or extras=tensorflow_gpu option, and linked against the Tensorflow C-API libraries. Details on doing this may be found in the documentation for the trRosettaProtocol mover.
Although trRosetta-constrained fragment-based conformational sampling tends to be slower than minimization-based structure prediction using the trRosetta application, it provides broader exploration of the conformational landscape near the native state, which can be useful in some cases. It might also be more accurate for larger structures.
This features was implemented in March 2021 by Vikram K. Mulligan, Flatiron Institute (vmulligan@flatironinstitue.org). It is currently unpublished. For more information, see the trRosetta application, trRosettaProtocol mover, and trRosettaConstraintGenerator.
The resulting output using the command above is a silent output file (1elwA_silent.out) which contains the PDB models and Rosetta score information in a compact format. To extract the PDB models into individual PDB files from the silent file you can use the score.linuxgccrelease score application. Alternatively, you can use the -out:pdb option to output models in PDB format files.
Models from a single silent output file can be clustered using the cluster.linuxgccrelease cluster application.
PDB files of the cluster members are extracted from the silent output file by the cluster application.
We also recommend the use of the Calibur program for clustering models. See http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/11/25 and http://sourceforge.net/projects/calibur/
The AbinitioRelax application performs best for small monomeric proteins that are less than 100 residues in length. It is possible to get accurate predictions for some proteins up to around 150 residues, however, larger proteins require significantly more computing as the conformational space is vastly increased. It is not uncommon to sample in the range of 20,000 to 200,000 models in order to converge towards the native structure. The following references provide information relevant to the sampling problem:
Abinitio works well with user-supplied constraints from experiment, using the flags -cst_file \$filename and -cst_weight #weight. See the documentation about contraint files for more information.
As stated above, it is beneficial to try to identify homologous sequences to run along with the target sequence (see Bradley et al reference). Homologs can be identified using search tools like PSI-BLAST to search the non-redundant sequence database (NCBI nr database) or Pfam. Using a sequence alignment viewer like Jalview is very useful to help select an optimal set of homologs to run and also to aid in model selection. Typically we look for a diverse set of homologs (up to 10) with differences in conserved positions and deletions which may represent a truncated loop or disordered region. Small changes in sequence can have a large impact on the topologies that are sampled, for example, a polar residue at a conserved hydrophobic position can have a big effect, i.e. the native topology may not be sampled because the full-atom Rosetta score will highly disfavor a polar residue buried in a hydrophobic core. It is also important to identify and trim disordered termini using publicly available programs like Disopred or metaPrDOS. Signal sequences should also be identified and trimmed using publicly available programs like SignalP. This protocol is not developed for membrane proteins. If transmembrane helices are predicted using programs like TMHMM, please refer to our Membrane ab initio application.
Generates pdb files and an energy file, or a silent output file. Example: rosetta_demos/abinitio/input_files/S_00000001.pdb , rosetta_demos/abinitio/input_files/score.fsc , and rosetta_demos/abinitio/output_files/default.out (silent output file).
We recommend generating up to 20,000 to 30,000 models of the target sequence and of up to 10 homologs and then using the Cluster application or Calibur to identify the most frequently sampled conformations. In a general case, at least one of the top 5-10 clusters by size may have models with the lowest rmsd to the native structure.
In an ideal case, your sequence will have many homologs identified by search tools like PSI-BLAST. Sequence alignments can be extremely helpful in model selection. For example, conserved hydrophobic positions most likely represent the core of the protein so models that have sidechains exposed in such positions may be discarded. The same logic applies to conserved polar positions which are most likely on the surface. Additionally, conserved cysteine pairs may represent disulphides. Tools like Jalview to view alignments and PyMOL to view models are extremely helpful for model selection in this respect.
Score versus RMSD plots may be helpful for identifying convergence towards the native structure for the target sequence and homologs. For example, the lowest scoring model can be used for the -in:file:native input option when rescoring models with the score.linuxgccrelease score application. A score versus RMSD plot from the resulting score file may show convergence (an energy funnel) towards the lowest scoring model. If an energy funnel exists, the lowest scoring model has a greater chance of being near-native. See https://www.rosettacommons.org/node/3813 and https://www.rosettacommons.org/content/how-make-benchmark for discussions on creating Score vs RMSD plots. The PyRosetta Toolkit GUI can also be used for score vs RMSD output and obtaining the set of lowest energy structures found during a run
Lowest scoring models that are in a cluster and that have a topology represented in the PDB also have a greater chance of being correct. Structure-structure comparison tools like Dali or Mammoth can be used to search against the PDB database.